The planisphere represents all those geographical, demographic, political and territorial data, as well as the geologyof a specific place, indicating the rivers, deserts, hills, among others. This information is subject to distinguished historical terms for those who require it. It depends on the graphic model, some of them do not present the boundaries between countries, but they do symbolize the type of soil or the climate by zones, these planispheres are used for the case of climate variations or displacement of the plates that risk the balance of the earth.
A map map planisphere is the plane designed to symbolize the Planet Earth in the form of a celestial sphere , that is, a map that represents the existing bodies on it, be they land surfaces or bodies of water , located throughout the World. For this reason it is directly linked to a World Map. This tool is of vital importance for science and for the universal knowledge of the human being. There are different types of planispheres that manage to add extra data, which include more than a simple demarcation of land and water.
This part is where a set of concentric orbits is located that provide the precise data. It is classified from the external to the internal:
In the external site, the zodiacal constellations are more sealed , in an opposite sense to the clock. In the interior the sky is separated from the planisphere in 360º (the area corresponding to each zodiacal sign is 30º). Strokes in a clockwise direction.
The subsequent circle is classified in 24 hours, traced in a clockwise direction. The two successive circles belong, the first, with the months of the year and the second to the days of each month, in addition they go clockwise. The months are separated from each other in fractions of 30º and are arranged in the way that March 21 agrees with the Aries Point.
The above plate is used to check which stars can be seen at a certain time from the geographical extent of the viewer. A part of the plate is dark, while the perceptible stars are seen inside an ellipse-shaped frame, if the plate is rolled above the bottom one, the day of the year of the relevant month, also of the time to visualize which stars will be seen at that moment.
In the profiles of the plate above are indicated the hours of the day, which are in the opposite direction to the hands of the clock, those hours have to be related to the universal moment. For the residents of the peninsulas, they must add 1 hour in winter and 2 hours in summer to know the civil time, which is the watch that is worn on the wrist of the hand.
On the same plate the cardinal points are denoted, the South agrees with the 12 hours. It is possible to visualize a straight line that begins from the North to the South, it is the meridian of the site and in the center of the mentioned line a cross is seen, it is the zenith , which indicates the point of the sky that is located above the head of a spectator.
It is considered that they do not include in the usual movements of the stars, nor the Sun, the Moon, planets, asteroids and comets are not indicated in the planispheres, since they correspond to their free movements.
Its dimension alternates around 20 cm to 35 cm, being this later very profitable for its simplicity of operation. It consists of two oval planes that rotate pivoting to contain a piece in its center, noting the situations of the constellations every day in the course of all months of the year.
Contains printed celestial sites North, South, East and West, the figures of the Astros and other bodies included in them, on a fragmented base in degrees that begins the celestial Ecuador to the North Celestial Pole, which are arranged in two coordinates named as equatorial These coordinates dispose the stars and bodies, exactly as a review of the Celestial Sphere .
This tool is part of the teaching and very fundamental to locate the stars at a glance at any time and at night. It is considered that the Planisphere has been the instrument most used by professional astronomers, since it helps to visualize in a simpler way all the constellations .
To use it exactly you must roll the mobile template , until you match the time you want with the date you want. But keep in mind that the time must be formulated in Universal Time. That is, you will have to add or add hours according to the time zone. For example, when Spain is in GMT + 1, you will have to subtract one hour less in winter. While, if you are in summer, it will be two hours less corresponding to the local time to compensate the variation of time.
After having agreed on the date and time in the degrees of the planisphere is located facing north with the planisphere high. The warnings, east and west, should be pointing to the corresponding cardinal points. In this way, the figure that is observed symbolized in the planisphere would agree with the true orientation of all the stars in the sky.
The central hole indicates the orientation about the Pole Star, which agrees with the celestial North Pole, this is not an eventuality. The orientation in the sky of the Pole Star is assured and all the other stars of the Northern hemisphere travel circular trajectories centered on its contour. On the contrary, in the Southern Hemisphere there is not such a clear star of observation. But a vital asterism very simple to distinguish, what is the Southern Cross. This asterism is used as a guide to find the South celestial pole and the rest of the stars move in circles around it.
For the learning of children it is essential to acquire planispheres to print, with the purpose of identifying with colors each of the continents that make up Planet Earth.
The planisphere with names is one that shows the identification of each of the territories such as name of countries, important capitals, oceans, among others, this is used to memorize the location of it in a simpler way.
The importance of this tool is the simple visualization of the global proportion of the planet where we live , since the Earth can be analyzed in many aspects and dimensions. It shows in a flat way any extension of the planisphere of the continents and bodies of water, in order to understand in a clearer way the composition of the world, it is a spherical celestial body, in many occasions it is difficult to understand.
As a general culture of man, it is vital to know how the earth's surface and the disposition of the oceans on Earth is distributed.
The most important characteristic of the planisphere is to locate countries, continents, seas, oceans, mountain ranges and islands, it is the global and flat image of the entire planet.
It is one in which it is possible to visualize the
reliefs of the different territories , which is achieved with a range of colors that range from deep blue to dark brown and indicate upper or lower height as the case may be. Usually the rivers and seas are painted in blue colors. The continents usually symbolize in green colors for the plains and several ranges of brown for the heights. Anyway a physical planisphere can symbolize all kinds of geographies, such as lakes, seas, coasts, continents, deserts, jungles, glaciers, among others.
In this type there is a demarcated point of reference of the countries that are ordained in States throughout the planet Earth and its proportions. The determined limits do not exist in the context, they are only pacts and treaties politically.
Commonly territories are painted in different colors and political boundaries are drawn, which are the borders between countries . This type of map must be updated, since there are frequent variations of political boundaries.
It is a star map that is used to examine all constellations and stars . It consists of two discs that move on a pivoting structure. It is used to assist in the distinction of stars and constellations. The astrolabe is an ancestor of the current planisphere.
In addition, it consists of a star chart joined by its center to a dark layer, of circular shape and is superimposed, which has an elliptical window, so that only a part of the sky will be perceptible through the window at any given time.
The planispheres are a second version of the world maps , since they are displayed on a flat area. These allow to mold the places of the world in the pages of a book, being the tool more used than the terrestrial globe.
The planisphere does take into account the real proportion of the territorial areas and draws the earth in a plane, but the segments of the meridians are denoted so that a better approximation of the volume of the continents and countries is observed.
The world map is a map where everything is displayedthe world. It shows the 5 continents on Planet Earth, together with the five oceans and poles, each with its corresponding sizes. Also, depending on the type of world map, it contains the political fractions between countries and even the particularities they possess in terms of geological relief.
The world map shows the map of the entire world in a rectangle and the continents are changed at their ends, because they symbolize them much wider. This is for the reason that in reality the meridians are seen as segments of orange, which are narrower in their terminations. Drawing a world map is reflected as an extension of the territorial areas.
Already knowing the differences between world map and planisphere, it is possible to understand that it is not the same. However, it is valid to say that the two concepts are linked to each other.
The initial terrestrial planispheres were linked to the Babylonian tradition, with an approximate date of 2,500 BC, in contrast to the Greeks who observed the celestial planispheres in the 5th century BC, at present this type of map is one of the most common, named as the Mercator Projection , created by Gerardus Mercator in the year 1569. Web mapping programs, such as Google Maps, OpenStreetMap or Bing Maps currently use this projection.
Almost 500 years ago, when the claim that the Earth is shaped like a sphere was systematized, cartographersThey determined two main deductions. One involved an entire structure of meridians of longitude and parallel in width, which was viable to fix any context on the globe.
The second presumed a procedure of transferring identifications from a globe to a planisphere, methods that current cartographers named as a projection. Since the planet Earth is round, it does not have corners from which the approximations can be made. Therefore, two precise points of accuracy are used, the North Pole and the South Pole which are the sides of the imaginary lines on which the Earth moves.
When mapping Earth, cartographers locate Ecuador first, which is the line of the near center of the Earth and the parallels of latitude, which are the partitions of the sphere. Each parallel is a great circle split in 360 °. Each degree is equal to around 60 nautical miles beginning with the equator, one nautical mile equals 1,852 meters. The grades are fragmented in 60 minutes and each minute is worth one nautical mile. The minute is sectioned in 60 seconds.
Ecuador is located at 0 ° latitude. In the north, the parallels from the Equator are fractionated from 1 ° to 90 °, that is, 1/4 of a circle and are named as north latitude. The parallels in the south are also pointed from 1 ° to 90 ° and are designated as south latitude.
The parallels are not many to indicate a location on Earth, so the cartographers orientedOval meridians , which are arranged in degrees, minutes and seconds. With a length that concur in the North and South poles.
As the meridians traverse the parallels, due to the latitude and longitude of any position on the Earth, it is simply achieved.
When the parallels of latitude begin with 0 ° in Ecuador, the meridian 0 ° in length, used since 1884 by some 25 countries, is the meridian where the Greenwich observatory is located in London, England. Years ago many countries had the meridians that passed through their capitals as the main meridian of the area. The meridians are computed including 180 ° east of Greenwich
and 180 ° west of Greenwich. Distance and time go together. One hour is equal to 15 ° in length. A degree is equivalent to 4 minutes of time.
The transmission of the curved lines of the meridians and parallel to the flat sheet, so that the straight lines manage to be used as compass orientations, is achieved by a method universally named as Mercator projection, named above. This was done by Gerardus Mercator , who practiced the profession of mathematics, geography and engraver, and died in 1594.
In its method of projection, all parallels and meridians make right angles to each other, not arched as they coexisted in the globe. The long meridians are separated until they remain straight and parallel. Mercator remedied this by extending the lengths between parallels to a progressive average that goes from the equator to the poles. The lands and oceans were deformed by the Mercator method , especially in the polar territories. When routing the meridians, it originated a grid of straight lines on the map, ending with a great estimate for point compass orientations.
Professor Edward Wrightbelonging to the University of Cambridge, optimized the method of Mercator projection on 1/5/90 and this adjustment was universally admitted by the 1630s and continues to favor seafarers, air and land, it is said to be more useful in navigation. Nowadays, other projection classes are in use, but all contain some level of deformation.
The maps of the world reveal that less than 300% of the planet's area is land; the rest are bodies of water. The firm navigation on the sea, today depends on a nautical report, which represent the depressions of the water, the orientations of the submarine cables, the terrestrial identification characteristics, places of anchoring or of impediments of anchoring, arrangement of buoys, lights or other luminous signs, among other data.
An oceanographic map is used to provide data on the ordering of physical and chemical characteristics in the ocean, such as temperature, salinity, among others, as well as geology, meteorology and marine biology.
On land, topographic mapsThey are used by all countries to discover the altitude and morphology of different places. The average height of the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii, above sea level is 700 meters. The topographic map is a detailed description of the topography of a land area, with geographical orientations and elevation of natural or man-made profiles.
Through the lines of the edges and other figures, the topographic maps reveal the shape of the Earth, as for the mountains, valleys and plains. They represent the courses of water, the rivers and other aquatic profiles in their correct connection with the Earth and the primordial works of man in their relative proportion and correct orientation.
An extraordinary matter, only a minimal part of the terrestrial area has been mapped to the level of precision requested today with industrial, military, scientific and recreational reasons. 40% of the area of the United States is covered by topographic maps.
The geological maps , using a topographic map as an example, show what kind of rocks there within a nation. Geologists intertwine the Earth, inspecting rock layers from their area and making analyzed projections of the subsoil. Geological maps are important to establish the location, cavity and proportions of the only rocky bodies, such as construction stones or mineral strips.
Currently, extensive use of photogeology is made, which is a satellite and orbital photograph of a specific area, with the purpose of recognizing and mapping geological developments, some water properties and terrestrial insufficiencies, indicating where earthquakes can be generated. The very perceptive machines located in the airplanes or the satellites that surround the Earth, manage to discover different temperatures in several different rock foundations.
The geological mapping has a key role in determining where the structures are installed and how they are drawn, built and maintained, in order to study rocks and soils that circumambulate.
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, can cause a map to be distorted. For example, nature can cause changes in a coastline and in this case, revisions must be requested to make the commonly used maps accurate again.
Definition of planisphere map
A map map planisphere is the plane designed to symbolize the Planet Earth in the form of a celestial sphere , that is, a map that represents the existing bodies on it, be they land surfaces or bodies of water , located throughout the World. For this reason it is directly linked to a World Map. This tool is of vital importance for science and for the universal knowledge of the human being. There are different types of planispheres that manage to add extra data, which include more than a simple demarcation of land and water.
Parts of a planisphere
External part
This part is where a set of concentric orbits is located that provide the precise data. It is classified from the external to the internal:
In the external site, the zodiacal constellations are more sealed , in an opposite sense to the clock. In the interior the sky is separated from the planisphere in 360º (the area corresponding to each zodiacal sign is 30º). Strokes in a clockwise direction.
The subsequent circle is classified in 24 hours, traced in a clockwise direction. The two successive circles belong, the first, with the months of the year and the second to the days of each month, in addition they go clockwise. The months are separated from each other in fractions of 30º and are arranged in the way that March 21 agrees with the Aries Point.
Central part
This part is located within the circle of days, where the stars are reflected. The parallels indicate the decline of the stars, the equator is defined at 0º and the meridians reveal the just elevation of the celestial bodies. The planisphere is based on the equatorial modality.The above plate is used to check which stars can be seen at a certain time from the geographical extent of the viewer. A part of the plate is dark, while the perceptible stars are seen inside an ellipse-shaped frame, if the plate is rolled above the bottom one, the day of the year of the relevant month, also of the time to visualize which stars will be seen at that moment.
In the profiles of the plate above are indicated the hours of the day, which are in the opposite direction to the hands of the clock, those hours have to be related to the universal moment. For the residents of the peninsulas, they must add 1 hour in winter and 2 hours in summer to know the civil time, which is the watch that is worn on the wrist of the hand.
On the same plate the cardinal points are denoted, the South agrees with the 12 hours. It is possible to visualize a straight line that begins from the North to the South, it is the meridian of the site and in the center of the mentioned line a cross is seen, it is the zenith , which indicates the point of the sky that is located above the head of a spectator.
It is considered that they do not include in the usual movements of the stars, nor the Sun, the Moon, planets, asteroids and comets are not indicated in the planispheres, since they correspond to their free movements.
Its dimension alternates around 20 cm to 35 cm, being this later very profitable for its simplicity of operation. It consists of two oval planes that rotate pivoting to contain a piece in its center, noting the situations of the constellations every day in the course of all months of the year.
Contains printed celestial sites North, South, East and West, the figures of the Astros and other bodies included in them, on a fragmented base in degrees that begins the celestial Ecuador to the North Celestial Pole, which are arranged in two coordinates named as equatorial These coordinates dispose the stars and bodies, exactly as a review of the Celestial Sphere .
This tool is part of the teaching and very fundamental to locate the stars at a glance at any time and at night. It is considered that the Planisphere has been the instrument most used by professional astronomers, since it helps to visualize in a simpler way all the constellations .
How to use a planisphere?
To use it exactly you must roll the mobile template , until you match the time you want with the date you want. But keep in mind that the time must be formulated in Universal Time. That is, you will have to add or add hours according to the time zone. For example, when Spain is in GMT + 1, you will have to subtract one hour less in winter. While, if you are in summer, it will be two hours less corresponding to the local time to compensate the variation of time.
After having agreed on the date and time in the degrees of the planisphere is located facing north with the planisphere high. The warnings, east and west, should be pointing to the corresponding cardinal points. In this way, the figure that is observed symbolized in the planisphere would agree with the true orientation of all the stars in the sky.
The central hole indicates the orientation about the Pole Star, which agrees with the celestial North Pole, this is not an eventuality. The orientation in the sky of the Pole Star is assured and all the other stars of the Northern hemisphere travel circular trajectories centered on its contour. On the contrary, in the Southern Hemisphere there is not such a clear star of observation. But a vital asterism very simple to distinguish, what is the Southern Cross. This asterism is used as a guide to find the South celestial pole and the rest of the stars move in circles around it.
For the learning of children it is essential to acquire planispheres to print, with the purpose of identifying with colors each of the continents that make up Planet Earth.
The planisphere with names is one that shows the identification of each of the territories such as name of countries, important capitals, oceans, among others, this is used to memorize the location of it in a simpler way.
Importance of the planisphere
The importance of this tool is the simple visualization of the global proportion of the planet where we live , since the Earth can be analyzed in many aspects and dimensions. It shows in a flat way any extension of the planisphere of the continents and bodies of water, in order to understand in a clearer way the composition of the world, it is a spherical celestial body, in many occasions it is difficult to understand.
As a general culture of man, it is vital to know how the earth's surface and the disposition of the oceans on Earth is distributed.
10 characteristics of a planisphere
The most important characteristic of the planisphere is to locate countries, continents, seas, oceans, mountain ranges and islands, it is the global and flat image of the entire planet.
- Draw the rivers, mountains, bodies of water, among others.
- It represents the lines of the Celestial Equator (symbolizes half of the Earth) and of the Ecliptic (it symbolizes the trajectory of the sun). Both intercepted lines form the Equinoxes.
- It shows the brightest stars, each one called with their names and written with the first capital letter. The stars are symbolized by small discs whose diameters correspond to their apparent dimensions, that is, the brightness they possess.
- It is an astrolabia tool, since it establishes the position and height of the constellations.
- It has the characteristic of measuring the height of the stars.
- A whole period of 24 hours is marked on the edges of the overlap, with the objective of simply locating the time that is required.
- It contains a total of 12 months of calendar dates are marked on the edge of the map.
- It adjusts according to the schedule and day that is required, in order to see all the stars that are in that moment.
- The planisphere design based to present the orientation of the eastern and western horizons, the user must stay in that direction, to obtain an effective result.
Types of planisphere
Physical Planisphere
It is one in which it is possible to visualize the
reliefs of the different territories , which is achieved with a range of colors that range from deep blue to dark brown and indicate upper or lower height as the case may be. Usually the rivers and seas are painted in blue colors. The continents usually symbolize in green colors for the plains and several ranges of brown for the heights. Anyway a physical planisphere can symbolize all kinds of geographies, such as lakes, seas, coasts, continents, deserts, jungles, glaciers, among others.Political Planisphere
In this type there is a demarcated point of reference of the countries that are ordained in States throughout the planet Earth and its proportions. The determined limits do not exist in the context, they are only pacts and treaties politically.
Commonly territories are painted in different colors and political boundaries are drawn, which are the borders between countries . This type of map must be updated, since there are frequent variations of political boundaries.
Celestial Planisphere
It is a star map that is used to examine all constellations and stars . It consists of two discs that move on a pivoting structure. It is used to assist in the distinction of stars and constellations. The astrolabe is an ancestor of the current planisphere.
In addition, it consists of a star chart joined by its center to a dark layer, of circular shape and is superimposed, which has an elliptical window, so that only a part of the sky will be perceptible through the window at any given time.
Differences between planisphere and Mapamundi
The planisphere does take into account the real proportion of the territorial areas and draws the earth in a plane, but the segments of the meridians are denoted so that a better approximation of the volume of the continents and countries is observed.
The world map is a map where everything is displayedthe world. It shows the 5 continents on Planet Earth, together with the five oceans and poles, each with its corresponding sizes. Also, depending on the type of world map, it contains the political fractions between countries and even the particularities they possess in terms of geological relief.
The world map shows the map of the entire world in a rectangle and the continents are changed at their ends, because they symbolize them much wider. This is for the reason that in reality the meridians are seen as segments of orange, which are narrower in their terminations. Drawing a world map is reflected as an extension of the territorial areas.
Already knowing the differences between world map and planisphere, it is possible to understand that it is not the same. However, it is valid to say that the two concepts are linked to each other.
History of the planisphere
The initial terrestrial planispheres were linked to the Babylonian tradition, with an approximate date of 2,500 BC, in contrast to the Greeks who observed the celestial planispheres in the 5th century BC, at present this type of map is one of the most common, named as the Mercator Projection , created by Gerardus Mercator in the year 1569. Web mapping programs, such as Google Maps, OpenStreetMap or Bing Maps currently use this projection.
Almost 500 years ago, when the claim that the Earth is shaped like a sphere was systematized, cartographersThey determined two main deductions. One involved an entire structure of meridians of longitude and parallel in width, which was viable to fix any context on the globe.
The second presumed a procedure of transferring identifications from a globe to a planisphere, methods that current cartographers named as a projection. Since the planet Earth is round, it does not have corners from which the approximations can be made. Therefore, two precise points of accuracy are used, the North Pole and the South Pole which are the sides of the imaginary lines on which the Earth moves.
When mapping Earth, cartographers locate Ecuador first, which is the line of the near center of the Earth and the parallels of latitude, which are the partitions of the sphere. Each parallel is a great circle split in 360 °. Each degree is equal to around 60 nautical miles beginning with the equator, one nautical mile equals 1,852 meters. The grades are fragmented in 60 minutes and each minute is worth one nautical mile. The minute is sectioned in 60 seconds.
Ecuador is located at 0 ° latitude. In the north, the parallels from the Equator are fractionated from 1 ° to 90 °, that is, 1/4 of a circle and are named as north latitude. The parallels in the south are also pointed from 1 ° to 90 ° and are designated as south latitude.
The parallels are not many to indicate a location on Earth, so the cartographers orientedOval meridians , which are arranged in degrees, minutes and seconds. With a length that concur in the North and South poles.
As the meridians traverse the parallels, due to the latitude and longitude of any position on the Earth, it is simply achieved.
When the parallels of latitude begin with 0 ° in Ecuador, the meridian 0 ° in length, used since 1884 by some 25 countries, is the meridian where the Greenwich observatory is located in London, England. Years ago many countries had the meridians that passed through their capitals as the main meridian of the area. The meridians are computed including 180 ° east of Greenwich
and 180 ° west of Greenwich. Distance and time go together. One hour is equal to 15 ° in length. A degree is equivalent to 4 minutes of time.
The transmission of the curved lines of the meridians and parallel to the flat sheet, so that the straight lines manage to be used as compass orientations, is achieved by a method universally named as Mercator projection, named above. This was done by Gerardus Mercator , who practiced the profession of mathematics, geography and engraver, and died in 1594.
In its method of projection, all parallels and meridians make right angles to each other, not arched as they coexisted in the globe. The long meridians are separated until they remain straight and parallel. Mercator remedied this by extending the lengths between parallels to a progressive average that goes from the equator to the poles. The lands and oceans were deformed by the Mercator method , especially in the polar territories. When routing the meridians, it originated a grid of straight lines on the map, ending with a great estimate for point compass orientations.
Professor Edward Wrightbelonging to the University of Cambridge, optimized the method of Mercator projection on 1/5/90 and this adjustment was universally admitted by the 1630s and continues to favor seafarers, air and land, it is said to be more useful in navigation. Nowadays, other projection classes are in use, but all contain some level of deformation.
The maps of the world reveal that less than 300% of the planet's area is land; the rest are bodies of water. The firm navigation on the sea, today depends on a nautical report, which represent the depressions of the water, the orientations of the submarine cables, the terrestrial identification characteristics, places of anchoring or of impediments of anchoring, arrangement of buoys, lights or other luminous signs, among other data.
An oceanographic map is used to provide data on the ordering of physical and chemical characteristics in the ocean, such as temperature, salinity, among others, as well as geology, meteorology and marine biology.
Through the lines of the edges and other figures, the topographic maps reveal the shape of the Earth, as for the mountains, valleys and plains. They represent the courses of water, the rivers and other aquatic profiles in their correct connection with the Earth and the primordial works of man in their relative proportion and correct orientation.
An extraordinary matter, only a minimal part of the terrestrial area has been mapped to the level of precision requested today with industrial, military, scientific and recreational reasons. 40% of the area of the United States is covered by topographic maps.
The geological maps , using a topographic map as an example, show what kind of rocks there within a nation. Geologists intertwine the Earth, inspecting rock layers from their area and making analyzed projections of the subsoil. Geological maps are important to establish the location, cavity and proportions of the only rocky bodies, such as construction stones or mineral strips.
Currently, extensive use of photogeology is made, which is a satellite and orbital photograph of a specific area, with the purpose of recognizing and mapping geological developments, some water properties and terrestrial insufficiencies, indicating where earthquakes can be generated. The very perceptive machines located in the airplanes or the satellites that surround the Earth, manage to discover different temperatures in several different rock foundations.
The geological mapping has a key role in determining where the structures are installed and how they are drawn, built and maintained, in order to study rocks and soils that circumambulate.
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, can cause a map to be distorted. For example, nature can cause changes in a coastline and in this case, revisions must be requested to make the commonly used maps accurate again.
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